135 research outputs found
Technical Report: Efficient Buffering and Scheduling for a Single-Chip Crosspoint-Queued Switch
The single-chip crosspoint-queued (CQ) switch is a compact switching
architecture that has all its buffers placed at the crosspoints of input and
output lines. Scheduling is also performed inside the switching core, and does
not rely on latency-limited communications with input or output line-cards.
Compared with other legacy switching architectures, the CQ switch has the
advantages of high throughput, minimal delay, low scheduling complexity, and no
speedup requirement. However, the crosspoint buffers are small and segregated,
thus how to efficiently use the buffers and avoid packet drops remains a major
problem that needs to be addressed. In this paper, we consider load balancing,
deflection routing, and buffer pooling for efficient buffer sharing in the CQ
switch. We also design scheduling algorithms to maintain the correct packet
order even while employing multi-path switching and resolve contentions caused
by multiplexing. All these techniques require modest hardware modifications and
memory speedup in the switching core, but can greatly boost the buffer
utilizations by up to 10 times and reduce the packet drop rates by one to three
orders of magnitude. Extensive simulations and analyses have been done to
demonstrate the advantages of the proposed buffering and scheduling techniques
in various aspects. By pushing the on-chip memory to the limit of current ASIC
technology, we show that a cell drop rate of 10e-8, which is low enough for
practical uses, can be achieved under real Internet traffic traces
corresponding to a load of 0.9
User Selection and Power Allocation in Full Duplex Multi-Cell Networks
Full duplex (FD) communications has the potential to double the capacity of a
half duplex (HD) system at the link level. However, in a cellular network, FD
operation is not a straightforward extension of half duplex operations. The
increased interference due to a large number of simultaneous transmissions in
FD operation and realtime traffic conditions limits the capacity improvement.
Realizing the potential of FD requires careful coordination of resource
allocation among the cells as well as within the cell. In this paper, we
propose a distributed resource allocation, i.e., joint user selection and power
allocation for a FD multi-cell system, assuming FD base stations (BSs) and HD
user equipment (UEs). Due to the complexity of finding the globally optimum
solution, a sub-optimal solution for UE selection, and a novel geometric
programming based solution for power allocation, are proposed. The proposed
distributed approach converges quickly and performs almost as well as a
centralized solution, but with much lower signaling overhead. It provides a
hybrid scheduling policy which allows FD operations whenever it is
advantageous, but otherwise defaults to HD operation. We focus on small cell
systems because they are more suitable for FD operation, given practical
self-interference cancellation limits.With practical self-interference
cancellation, it is shown that the proposed hybrid FD system achieves nearly
two times throughput improvement for an indoor multi-cell scenario, and about
65% improvement for an outdoor multi-cell scenario compared to the HD system.Comment: 15 pages, to be published in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, 2016. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1412.870
A Truthful Auction based Incentive Framework for Femtocell Access
As cellular operators are suffering from a data explosion problem, and users
are consequently experiencing poor data services, the introduction of
femtocells offers a cost-effective way to mitigate this problem. Femtocells
enable larger network capacity by increasing spatial reuse of the spectrum and
shortening the distance to the users. Existing work has shown that open access
femtocells, which allow unregistered macro users to connect, are efficient in
reducing inter-cell interference and offloading traffic. However, a major
obstacle constraining the potential capability of femtocells and open access is
the lack of incentives for privately-owned femtocells to serve unregistered
users. Hence in this paper, we propose a Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auction
based incentive framework for accessing such selfish femtocells. We consider
two scenarios: One scenario involves a single macro user and another scenario
has multiple macro users. We design auction schemes for both scenarios and show
analytically that our schemes are truthful and have low computational
complexity. Extensive simulations validate these properties and show huge
performance improvement to the macro users
The Impact of Mobile Blockers on Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems
Millimeter Wave (mmWave) communication systems can provide high data rates,
but the system performance may degrade significantly due to interruptions by
mobile blockers such as humans or vehicles. A high frequency of interruptions
and lengthy blockage durations will degrade the quality of the user's
experience. A promising solution is to employ the macrodiversity of Base
Stations (BSs), where the User Equipment (UE) can handover to other available
BSs if the current serving BS gets blocked. However, an analytical model to
evaluate the system performance of dynamic blockage events in this setting is
unknown. In this paper, we develop a Line of Sight (LOS) dynamic blockage model
and evaluate the probability, duration, and frequency of blockage events
considering all the links to the UE which are not blocked by buildings or the
user's own body. For a dense urban area, we also analyze the impact of non-LOS
(NLOS) links on blockage events. Our results indicate that the minimum density
of BS required to satisfy the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of Ultra
Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) applications will be driven mainly
by blockage and latency constraints, rather than coverage or capacity
requirements.Comment: This paper earlier published on arxiv with a different name as: "Can
Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems provide High Reliability and Low Latency? An
analysis of the impact of Mobile Blockers." The paper is published at IEEE
Journal in Selected Area of Communication (JSAC 2019). This current arxiv
version also corrects Figure 3 and Figure 11(b) of the published JSAC versio
Distributed Scheduling Algorithms for Crosspoint-Buffered Switches
Given the rapid increase in traffic, greater demands have been put on
high-speed switching systems. Such systems have to simultaneously meet several
constraints, e.g., high throughput, low delay and low complexity. This makes it
challenging to design an efficient scheduling algorithm, and has consequently
drawn considerable research interest. However, previous results either cannot
provide a throughput guarantee without a speedup, or require a complex
centralized scheduler. In this paper, we design a {\it distributed}
throughput algorithm for crosspoint buffered switches, called DISQUO, with very
limited message passing. We prove that DISQUO can achieve throughput
for any admissible Bernoulli traffic, with a low time complexity of per
port. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first distributed algorithm that
can provide a throughput for a crosspoint buffered switch.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1112.421
Limited by Capacity or Blockage? A Millimeter Wave Blockage Analysis
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems can provide high data rates
but the system performance may degrade significantly due to mobile blockers and
the user's own body. A high frequency of interruptions and long duration of
blockage may degrade the quality of experience. For example, delays of more
than about 10ms cause nausea to VR viewers. Macro-diversity of base stations
(BSs) has been considered a promising solution where the user equipment (UE)
can handover to other available BSs, if the current serving BS gets blocked.
However, an analytical model for the frequency and duration of dynamic blockage
events in this setting is largely unknown.In this paper, we consider an open
park-like scenario and obtain closed-form expressions for the blockage
probability, expected frequency and duration of blockage events using
stochastic geometry. Our results indicate that the minimum density of BS that
is required to satisfy the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of AR/VR and
other low latency applications is largely driven by blockage events rather than
capacity requirements. Placing the BS at a greater height reduces the
likelihood of blockage. We present a closed-form expression for the BS
density-height trade-off that can be used for network planning.Comment: accepted for publication in ITC 2018. arXiv admin note: substantial
text overlap with arXiv:1807.0438
Wireless Video Multicast with Cooperative and Incremental Transmission of Parity Packets
In this paper, a cooperative multicast scheme that uses Randomized
Distributed Space Time Codes (R-DSTC), along with packet level Forward Error
Correction (FEC), is studied. Instead of sending source packets and/or parity
packets through two hops using R-DSTC as proposed in our prior work, the new
scheme delivers both source packets and parity packets using only one hop.
After the source station (access point, AP) first sends all the source packets,
the AP as well as all nodes that have received all source packets together send
the parity packets using R-DSTC. As more parity packets are transmitted, more
nodes can recover all source packets and join the parity packet transmission.
The process continues until all nodes acknowledge the receipt of enough packets
for recovering the source packets. For each given node distribution, the
optimum transmission rates for source and parity packets are determined such
that the video rate that can be sustained at all nodes is maximized. This new
scheme can support significantly higher video rates, and correspondingly higher
PSNR of decoded video, than the prior approaches. Three suboptimal approaches,
which do not require full information about user distribution or the feedback,
and hence are more feasible in practice are also presented. The proposed
suboptimal scheme with only the node count information and without feedback
still outperforms our prior approach that assumes full channel information and
no feedback.Comment: 11 pages in double-column IEEE journal style. Submitted to IEEE
JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSIN
Optimal Transmission Policies for Energy Harvesting Age of Information Systems with Battery Recovery
We consider an energy harvesting information update system where a sensor is
allowed to choose a transmission mode for each transmission, where each mode
consists of a transmission power-error pair. We also incorporate the battery
phenomenon called battery recovery effect where a battery replenishes the
deliverable energy if kept idle after discharge. For an energy-limited age of
information (AoI) system, this phenomenon gives rise to the interesting
trade-off of recovering energy after transmissions, at the cost of increased
AoI. Considering two metrics, namely peak-age hitting probability and average
age as the worst-case and average performance indicators, respectively, we
propose a framework that formulates the optimal transmission scheme selection
problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). We show that the gains obtained by
considering both battery dynamics and adjustable transmission power together
are much higher than the sum gain achieved if they are considered separately.
We also propose a simple methodology to optimize the system performance taking
into account worst-case and average performances jointly.Comment: Submitted for publicatio
Throughput and Coverage for a Mixed Full and Half Duplex Small Cell Network
Recent advances in self-interference cancellation enable radios to transmit
and receive on the same frequency at the same time. Such a full duplex radio is
being considered as a potential candidate for the next generation of wireless
networks due to its ability to increase the spectral efficiency of wireless
systems. In this paper, the performance of full duplex radio in small cellular
systems is analyzed by assuming full duplex capable base stations and half
duplex user equipment. However, using only full duplex base stations increases
interference leading to outage. We therefore propose a mixed multi-cell system,
composed of full duplex and half duplex cells. A stochastic geometry based
model of the proposed mixed system is provided, which allows us to derive the
outage and area spectral efficiency of such a system. The effect of full duplex
cells on the performance of the mixed system is presented under different
network parameter settings. We show that the fraction of cells that have full
duplex base stations can be used as a design parameter by the network operator
to target an optimal tradeoff between area spectral efficiency and outage in a
mixed system.Comment: 9 Pages, a short version of this paper has been accepted in ICC 201
Under a cloud of uncertainty: Legal questions affecting Internet storage and transmission of copyright-protected video content
The rapid growth of multimedia consumption has triggered technical, economic,
and business innovations that improve the quality and accessibility of content.
It has also opened new markets, promising large revenues for industry players.
However, new technologies also pose new questions regarding the legal aspects
of content delivery, which are often resolved through litigation between
copyright owners and content distributors. The precedents set by these cases
will act as a game changer in the content delivery industry and will shape the
existing offerings in the market in terms of how new technologies can be
deployed and what kind of pricing strategies can be associated with them. In
this paper, we offer a tutorial on key copyright and communications laws and
decisions related to storage and transmission of video content over the
Internet. We summarize legal limitations on the deployment of new technologies
and pricing mechanisms, and explain the implications of recent lawsuits.
Understanding these concerns is essential for engineers engaged in designing
the technical and economic aspects of video delivery systems.Comment: Accepted in IEEE Network Special Issue on Smart Data Pricin
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